The 2016 Review That Redefined Glass-Ionomer Cements

THE CONTEXT Published in 2016 in the Journal of Functional Biomaterials, this comprehensive review by Sidhu and Nicholson has garnered 567 citations in just eight years. While glass-ionomer cements were introduced in the 1970s, this paper provided the definitive modern understanding of their properties and clinical applications. At the time, many practitioners still viewed glass-ionomers as inferior alternatives to amalgam or composite, despite their unique bioactive properties.

THE CONTRIBUTION The authors systematically documented glass-ionomers’ acid-base setting mechanism and their remarkable ability to form an ion-exchange layer with tooth structure - the key to their true adhesion. Unlike mechanical bonding systems, this chemical adhesion actually strengthens over time. The paper also clarified the fluoride-releasing properties that make glass-ionomers uniquely cariostatic, and provided updated evidence on resin-modified variants and newer formulations like glass carbomer.

THE LEGACY This review transformed how the profession understands bioactive materials. Rather than viewing glass-ionomers as compromise materials, practitioners began recognizing their distinct advantages: genuine adhesion without etching, sustained fluoride release, and biocompatibility that actually improves the tooth-restoration interface over time. The paper influenced material selection protocols, particularly for pediatric dentistry, geriatric care, and high-caries-risk patients.

MODERN RELEVANCE With over 567 citations, this remains the go-to reference for understanding glass-ionomer chemistry and clinical applications. As minimally invasive dentistry gains prominence, glass-ionomers’ ability to remineralize adjacent tooth structure has renewed clinical interest. The bioactive concept detailed in this paper has also influenced the development of newer bioactive composites and calcium silicate-based materials. Every time we place an ART restoration or choose a glass-ionomer liner for its therapeutic properties, we build on the scientific foundation this review established.

https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb7030016

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